How to handle Poisiouness materials and Industrial Hazards?

In some industries, poisonous materials have long been used and recognized to be potential hazards. But hazards today are in- creasing as the result of technical advances and introduction of many new chemicals and synthetic materials. We can consider here the more common industrial toxic materials, but there are far too many to be dealt with in a book of this nature. Workers, however, can, and should, familiarize themselves with materials they are using and find out whether they contain poisonous ingredients. There are certain general precautions of value in many situations involving the handling of toxic materials. Masks, gloves, and respiratory devices should, of course, be used whenever necessary and feasible.

Against carbon monoxide and other poisonous gases, good ventilation is the best protection. If the work is such that fumes are produced, an air- line respirator and safety line should be worn. It's important to be on the alert for such symptoms as headache, vomiting, dizziness, and flushing of the face, which may warn of the beginning of a toxic condition. Do not eat in rooms where poisonous substances are handled. Cleanliness is vital: use plenty of soap and water, especially prior to eating and before going home. Be sure to have regular medical checks, preferably on the job by a plant physician. These are the more common industrial poisons and some of the jobs in which they may be involved: Lead poisoning can menace color and dye makers, electroplaters, painters and paint makers, petroleum refiners, automobile workers, storage- battery workers, varnish makers, sheet-metal workers, lithographers, insecticide makers, explosives workers, rubber workers, and zinc miners. Most dangerous are soluble forms of lead which may form deposits in drinking cups. 

Slow lead poisoning can result from small daily inhalation of lead dust over a period of time. The poison affects stomach, brain, and nervous system. It may produce paralysis of frequently used muscles, much as those of a painter's right hand, proper clothing, good ventilation, regular medical checks-are of critical importance. Carbon monoxide poisoning can be a hazard for blast furnace workers, firemen, airplane pilots, cooks, petroleum refinery workers, plumbers, welders, miners, compressed-air workers, and others. Early symptoms include abdominal pains, headaches, nausea, and dizziness. In severe cases, carbon monoxide poisoning can be fatal. Efficient ventilation is essential for preventing accumulation of carbon monoxide fumes. The gas affects the hemoglobin of the blood, usurping the place of vital oxygen and depriving tissues of adequate oxygen supply. For first aid, fresh air and, if necessary, an oxygen tank and artificial respiration can be effective.

 Benzol and carbon tetracholoride are used in such industries as lacquer making, leather processing, dry cleaning, soap making, electroplating, dye making, and the manufacture of paint and paint removers. Benzol (or benzene) is a colorless liquid with penetrating odor. It evaporates quickly but gives off a poisonous vapor. It is possible to develop benzol poisoning by breathing concentrated fumes for only a few minutes although gradual poisoning is more common. For protection, the worker should wear an air-line respirator and safety belt. All machinery containing benzol should be shut down regularly and checked for leaks. Adequate ventilation is essential and regular medical checkups are needed.

Any unusual bleeding, especially a sudden nosebleed, calls for immediate medical attention. People who have heart disease, anemia, tuberculosis, or a tendency to bleed easily should not work in plants where benzol is used. In addition to causing such symptoms as nausea, headaches, and nose and throat irritation, carbon tetrachloride is a serious threat because of the injury it can inflict on liver and kidneys. If you work with carbon tetrachloride, be sure to take all the precautions described above for benzol. 

Sensory organs and alcoholism-dizziness-unconcious state of brain- effects on memory

Sensory Organs and alcoholism

The potency of an individual drink is, of course, determined by the percentage of alcohol it contains. Commonly, alcoholic content is measured by "proof," a term indicating concentration by volume. The proof number is actually twice the percentage of alcohol-so that 86 proof Scotch, for example, is 43 percent alcohol. While there are variations between individuals, generally these are the effects of various blood concentrations of alcohol.

Sensory organs in the mouth and digestive tract are stimulated; blood circulates more rapidly; and there may be feelings of well-being. Bodily warmth is experienced; inhibitions begin to disappear; the drinker talks freely. Some dizziness may be felt; judgment and memory now are affected. Reaction time has slowed considerably; the drinker may be gay but somewhat wobbly. 

There may be some boisterousness, lack of self-control, unjustified confidence in the ability to drive and do other tasks. In some states, this is considered legally to be drunkenness. At this level, the drinker has little if any conscious control left. For the average drinker, this level is induced by 6-7 ounces of whiskey. It produces incoherence, confusion, inability to walk normally. 

If the drinker is still conscious, he needs help even to stand up; bladder control is lost. The drinker now may alternately sleep and wake to vomit, is unable to understand what is said to him when he is awake. When this level of blood alcohol is reached, the drinker is unconscious.

While it is possible to become drunk quickly, sobering up takes much longer. Most of the alcohol in the body is handled by the liver. There it goes through a chemical process, oxidation, in which its energy is released as heat. A feeling of warmth is experienced at first but the heat is quickly lost through the skin. Some alcohol also is oxidized or burned off in the lungs; and some is removed through sweat and urine.